The recorded history of Indonesia dates back over 2,000 years. This is the 2nd Journal, covering events from the British invasion of Batavia in 1811. up to declaring of Indonesian Independence in 1945. We look at the impact of some of the larger than life players who were; involved in the European discovery of Borobudur; the take over by the Dutch again, the Diponegoro War; the rise of Nationalism in the 20th century; the Japanese invasion in 1942, and the events leading up to Independence in 1945.

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                        The Dutch East Indies size ~ compared to Europe


                                 Dutch East Indies


  Borobudur Buddhist Temple 35m high, after renovation           Prambanan Hindu Temple 47m

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                    Fatahillah ~ conquered Sunda Kelapa in 1527 ~ renamed it Jayakarta


          Asian and Dutch ships off Fort Batavia

                                        Batavia Castle 1619 - 1809



     Daendels Palace ~ Central Jakarta (completed 1828)
                                        Governor Herman Willem Daendels (1815-1818) ~ by Raden Saleh


            Run Island    Indonesia                            New York City
     In 1667 upon signing the Treaty of Breda  the English swapped Run  for a Dutch outpost called New Amsterdam nine thousand miles (14,480 km) away on the eastern seaboard of North America. ~ The English renamed it New York.
    Captain James Cook             Lord Minto                Major-General Sir Samuel Auchmuty



                         British Invasion of Batavia ~ 4 August 1811


                                                  Old Batavia


                         Jan Willem Janssens                       Sir Samuel Auchmuty

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                                          Georgetown in Penang 1814

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    Old College of Edinburgh University 18th century        John Casper Leyden



                                    St. Leonards College, St. Andrews ~ founded 1512

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                        St. Andrews College of Divinity ~ 1767                 Scottish sheep




                                     Malucca 18th century                                Urang-utang in trousers

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                         Leyden's ship pursued by French brigantine 1805



        Gilbert Elliot ~ First Lord of Minto      Agnes Murray-Kynynmond ~ wife of Lord Minto

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                                               Fort Meester Cornelis


             Yogyakarta Kraton    with a pair of Dwarapala guardian statues


         Lieutenant Robert Rollo Gillespie in front of Greencastle, County Down, Ireland 1791.
  Greencastle is a royal castle originally build in 13th century. It was attacked and taken by Edward Bruce in 1316, brother of Robert the Bruce, King of Scots [1306-1329].

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                    Colonel Robert Rollo Gillespie           Fort Vellore mutiny 1806



                              Yogyakarta 1814

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         John Casper Leyden's grave

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     Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832)     Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border      The Lord of the Isles


            Dr Thomas Horsfield           John Crawfurd                Colonel Colin Mackenzie

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                                                       Batavia   c1780



          East India House - Leadenhall Street London – 1817

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          Thomas Stamford Raffles                   Olivia Raffles                   Maryanne Raffles



Alfred Wallace in Borneo      Alfred Russel Wallace      James Brook ‘White Rajah’ of Sarawak

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                                                  Indian Sepoys 1817



                 Susuhunan Pakubuwono IV             Semar the jester-he never makes mistakes


      Sultan Hamengku Buwono III                Stamford Raffles                John Crawfurd

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                                          Gurkhas 1815


   Gillespie killed in action 31 October 1814          Statue Major-General Sir Robert Rollo Gillespie

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                                             Batak warriors                                 Javanese with Kris



The History of Java ~ published 1817          Shinta at Borobudur   2009

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         Prince Diponegoro and the Goddess of the Southern Ocean



                  Mount Merapi volcano erupted 1822                        Prince Diponegoro

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1830 Ali Basa Prawiradirja (Sentot)      Dutch & Padris soldiers fighting over Dutch standard



                      Submission of Prince Diponegoro to General de Kock at Magelang 1830
                                                                                                      by Nicolas Pieneman

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     Autobiographical Chronicle of Prince Diponegoro      Prince Henry of the Netherland



     Diponegoro statue, Jakarta     Diponegoro Tomb, Fort Rotterdam



                              Harvesting coffee      Java                           Rice Farmers



                                   Max Havelaar                      Eduard Douwes Dekker

    
                        Java Man skull               Java Man reconstructed
The Java Man skull was discovered by Dutch geologist Eugine Dubois (1858-1940) on the banks of the Solo River in East Java in 1891. Estimated to be between 700,000 and 1 million years old, it was at the time of its discovery the oldest hominid fossil ever found and remains the type specimen for Homo erectus.

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          Teungku Cik di Tiro           Teungku Imam Bonjol           Si Singamangaradja


                             Batavia 19th century

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   19th century Javanese lady in Batavia           Dutch colonials with their servants



                    ‘Badung Puputan’ (ritual suicide or finishing) ~ Bali 20 Sept 1906
While Dutch soldiers preparted to attack the Badung Palace (now Denpasar), the King and his entourage dressed in white, committed ritual suicide. The Dutch then opened fire with cannon & rifles, massacring over 1,000 Balinese.

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     Sitri Rahmiata Hatta                       Mohammad Hatta
     (wife, married 1945)


            Sukarno as HSB student 1916          Bandung Technical College 1929


                  Mohammad Hatta            Tan Malaka                     Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo

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                             Dutch troops in Surabaya c1930


               Emperor Hirohito               Japanese soldiers ~ 1942          Dr Seuss ~ War Bonds

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        Japanese troops entering Surabaya           Japanese armoured vehicles in Jakarta 1942

   [L] Jan O’Herne (Dutch citizen) aged 19, was forced by the
    Japanese to become a ‘comfort woman’ in Semarang in 1942.
          [R] Ms Jan Ruff-O’Herne at Amnesty International, Washington DC in 2007.
          Jan made a new life after the war in Australia. She died 19-Aug-2019, aged 96.


                                       Dutch East Indies comfort women


    General Hitoshi Imamura - Commander of the
Japanese invasion army of the Dutch East Indies           Indonesian comfort women

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                         Hiroshima after the atom bomb          Nagasaki strike photo   9-Aug-1945



            Sukarno accompanied by Hata declares Independence in Jakarta   17-Aug-1945

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    Brigadier Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby CIE OBE          Battle of Surabaya Nov 1945


                                     General Sudirman                     General Abdul Haris Nasution

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     Dutch troops attack Rawagede village ~ 1947                 Captain Raymond Westerling


  Coronation of Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX     Sukarno on his return to Yogyakarta from Banka
   18 March 1940                                                   is met by Hamengku Buwono IX - 6 July 1949

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Lieutenant-Colonel Suharto reports to           Hatta and Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX
Hamengku Buwono IX that his forces are          attending the Inter-Indonesian
ready to enter Yogyakarta on 1 May 1949         Conference at Yogyakarta July 1949



  Lieutenant-Colonel Suharto               Supriyadi           President Suharto and Madam Tien

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  Sukarno ~ President      Sutan Sjahrir ~ Prime Minister      Mohammad Hatta ~ Vice-President


       27 Dec 1949 Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX (left front) sworn in as Defence Minister at Merdeka Palace

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    Indonesian Vice-president Hatta (2nd left) and Dutch Queen Julianna at signing ceremony which took place at the Royal Palace in Amsterdam 27-Dec-1949. With the treaty signed, the Dutch officially recognised Indonesian sovereignty

                           President Sukarno at Istana Merdeka 29 Dec 1949

                                     President Sukarno with World Leaders
1961 President J.F. Kennedy, daughter Caroline, President Sukarno -
            1961 President Sukarno, Nikita Khrushchev - 1956 President Sukarno, Marilyn Monroe -
                                    1960 President Sukarno, Fidel Castro -


1947 Sukarno - 1959 President Sukarno, Prime Minister R.G. Menzies - Sukarno's signature


     Sukarno's nine wives
              Siti Oetari    Inggit Garnasih                Fatmawati                Hartini

              Ratna Dewi    Kartini Manoppo    Haryati         Yurike Sanger    Heldy Djafar

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      Jakarta Journal #1                                 Risk History